25 January 2016								Mrs MAYER ⑬

2016: a leap year:	année bissextile
To play leap frog:	saute-mouton
A toad:		crapaud
File:		dossier
Kidneys:	les reins/rognons
The bladder:	la vessie

About WOLF HALL 
The 6 wives of Henry VIII:
1.	CATHERINE OF ARAGON (who was a devout Catholic) 1509-1533→the marriage was annulled in 1533. Henry VIII wanted a male heir, she had one, but stillborn. She had a daughter: MARY 1 (second in the line of succession) who was called ‘Bloody Mary’ because she killed Protestants. 
       In ‘Wolf Hall’ Cromwell mentions TYNDALE who translated the Bible into English.
2.	ANNE BOLEYN 1533-1536 who was beheaded/executed. She produced a daughter: ELIZABETH 1      (third in the line of succcession) who was a Protestant.
3.	JANE SEYMOUR 1536-1537→died in childbirth. She was the only one to produce a male heir, a son who became EDWARD VI  and died young.
4.	ANNE OF CLEVES January 1540-July 1540, Henry VIII had the marriage annulled.
5.	CATHERINE HOWARD 1540-1542 who was beheaded/executed again for adultery (accused ) and she was Anne Boleyn’s cousin!
6.	CATHERINE PARR 1543-1547 →WIDOWED. She survived Henry VIII.
       Anne of Cleves survived them all !
We can see on coins: D.G.REG. / DEI. GRA. REG.. = Dei Gratia Regina/Rex
F.D./FID.DEF. Fidei Defensor /1521 POPE LEO X granted the title to Henry VIII because Henry defended him against Luther. Henry kept the title when he became supreme head of the Church of England /Anglican Church.
HIGH CHURCH (similar to Catholic church/ incense…) & LOW CHURCH (more austere, very simple, no Virgin Mary…) are both part of the ANGLICAN CHURCH
Henry VIII became the supreme head of the Church of England in 1534. After that, he could do more and less what he wanted.

1. Thursday 28/1 	Arte 20h55-23.55 WOLF HALL.2015. A series. GB. VM (4→6/6)
2. Saturday 30/1 	Arte	20h50-21h45 HENRY VIII, COMPLOTS À LA COUR Peter CHINN(USA,2015).		21.45-22.35 ELIZABETH 1st, AU SERVICE SECRET DE SA MAJESTÉ 
22.35-23.30 LADY DIANA CONTRE ELIZABETH II
3. Sunday 31/1 	Arte 20.45-23h15 COLD MOUNTAIN 2003, USA /Tony MINGHELLA
With Jude Law, Nicole Kidman, Renée Zellweger.
Rot.Tom.: 71%

DISCUSS AND DECIDE

The German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen is usually credited with the discovery of X-rays in 1895 because he was the first to study them systematically, though he wasn’t the 1st to have observed their effects. He’s also the one who gave them the name ‘X-rays’ signifying an unknown quantity, as ‘x’ is the unknown in maths. For this he received  the 1st Nobel Prize   in Physics.
With the widespread experimentation of X-rays after their discovery, by scientists, physicians, and inventors, came many stories of burns, hair loss, and worse in technical papers of the time. Various things were sometimes blamed for the damage, including ultraviolet rays and ozone. Many physicians claimed that there were no side effects at all after X-ray exposure.  
The use of X-rays for medical purposes (which developed into the field of radiation therapy) was pioneered by Major Hall-Edwards in Birmingham, England. Then in 1908, he had to have his left arm amputated because of the spread of X-ray dermatitis on his arm.
The X-ray microscope was developed during the 1950s.
The main properties of X-rays are that they penetrate ‘soft matter’ easily & are easily absorbed by ‘hard material’. This is what enables medical imaging (radiography, CT, bone densitometry): the rays cross the flesh & are stopped by the bones.
They also gave birth to:
 - X-ray telescopes (which detect X-rays emitted by the stars) which are placed on satellites.
 – X-ray crystallography – radiation ‘Ionizing’. Both are used in chemical analysis. However, these ionizations have a deleterious effect on living cells.
X-rays are ionizing radiation. Prolonged exposure or repeated exposure with too short a respite for the body can cause burns (radiomes) but also cancers & abnormalities in infants & babies under the age of one.
Staff working with X-rays have to follow specific training, they must be protected & monitored medically (this can be very restrictive if the unit is ‘light’ X-ray).
So, as is often the case, progress in matters of health can have disastrous consequences on human beings. Nevertheless, it is necessary to keep the benefit, which is indisputable in this domain. That’s why I would say that the discovery of X-rays has been of the greatest benefit to mankind.

TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH

1.	Le chameau est un animal très utile en Orient.
The camel is a very useful animal in the Orient.
2.	Le petit garçon jouait aux billes dans le parc St James.
The little/small boy was playing marbles in St James’ [djeimziz] Park.
3.	Le navire que vous voyez fut construit il y a dix ans.
The ship (that) you can see was built ten years ago.
‘you see’= y understand / ‘you can see’= y see with your eyes
4.	J’ai envie d’aller au cinéma pour revoir Alec Guiness dans "Le Pont de la Rivière Kwaï.
I want to go to the cinema to see Alec Guiness again in ‘The Bridge on the River Kwaï’.
I would like to go
I feel like going
5.	Ouvrez la bouche et avalez cette pilule.
Open your mouth and swallow this pill.
Tablet: comprimé
On tablet bottles: ‘the tablet :  one to be taken twice a day’